Ecological Management - SS2 Biology Past Questions and Answers - page 2

Minimize waste and pollution

One organism benefits while the other is unaffected

Resource depletion and ecological imbalance

Biological associations in nature refer to the interactions between living organisms within an ecosystem. These associations can be categorized into different types, such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Mutualism is a beneficial association where both organisms involved derive advantages. Commensalism occurs when one organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Parasitism involves one organism (parasite) benefiting at the expense of the other (host). These associations play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, pollination, seed dispersal, and maintaining ecological balance.

Tolerance in ecology refers to the ability of an organism to survive and function under extreme environmental conditions. Organisms develop tolerance through adaptive mechanisms such as physiological and behavioral adaptations. Physiological adaptations include changes in metabolism, osmoregulation, and heat tolerance. Behavioral adaptations involve seeking shelter, adjusting activity patterns, or migrating to more favorable habitats. Tolerance allows organisms to withstand environmental stressors and occupy ecological niches that would be otherwise inhospitable.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms adjust to their environments to enhance their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation occurs through genetic changes over successive generations and phenotypic plasticity within individual lifetimes. Genetic adaptations involve mutations, genetic recombination, and natural selection, leading to heritable traits that confer advantages in specific environments. Phenotypic adaptations involve reversible changes in an organism's traits, allowing it to respond to immediate environmental cues. Both types of adaptations contribute to the survival and success of organisms in their respective habitats.

Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, leading to adverse effects on ecosystems and living organisms. Pollutants can disrupt ecological balance by contaminating air, water, and soil, affecting biodiversity, and causing habitat degradation. Toxic substances can accumulate in organisms, leading to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in food chains. Pollution poses threats to human health through exposure to pollutants, leading to respiratory problems, waterborne diseases, and other health issues. Additionally, pollution can have long-lasting and far-reaching impacts on ecosystems, impairing their functioning and resilience.

Conservation plays a vital role in preserving natural resources for future generations. It involves the sustainable management and protection of ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural habitats. Conservation practices aim to minimize habitat destruction, prevent species extinction, and maintain ecological balance. By conserving natural resources, we ensure the provision of ecosystem services such as clean air and water, climate regulation, and nutrient cycling. Conservation also contributes to the well-being of human populations by supporting sustainable livelihoods, promoting ecotourism, and providing recreational opportunities.

Conservation strategies encompass various approaches to protect and manage natural resources. Habitat protection involves the establishment of protected areas, such as national parks and reserves, to safeguard critical habitats and biodiversity. Species preservation focuses on the conservation of endangered species through captive breeding, habitat restoration, and anti-poaching